Targeted drugs were introduced in the 2000s，and their main characteristics are that they can selectively kill cancer cells without affecting most normal cells, but cancer cells are prone to drug-resistant mutations, resulting in high recurrence rate.

In the 2010s, immuno-oncology appeared and revolutionized the fight against cancers by activating or enhancing the body's immune system, thus treating a variety of cancers and achieving long-term disease control through long-term immune monitoring, which was once rated as the best scientific breakthrough by top academic journals.

he 2020s have ushered tumour therapy into an era of next-generation radiopharmaceuticals and Gene Therapy Medicinal Products (GTMP). Represented by radiopharmaceutical conjugates (RDC/RLT), mRNA tumour vaccines and in vivo cell therapies, these modalities deliver substantially enhanced targeting specificity and enable true tumour-specific enrichment.

Therapeutic LNP-mRNA leverages the mechanism of transient cytoplasmic expression. Featuring rapid research and development cycles and robust platform scalability, it does not enter the cell nucleus and enables synthesis of complex membrane proteins that are difficult to produce ex vivo. In addition, its pharmacodynamic effect is reversible and controllable, offering highly promising solutions for tumour treatment and the prevention of metastatic recurrence.